Kroma deep dive: hybrid OP Stack rollup with ZK fraud proofs
Thread1,016 words
Deep dive on Kroma, an OP Stack rollup with permissionless fault proofs live and ZK fraud proofs via a Scroll-based zkEVM, a planned move to zk rollup, and distribution through WEMADE and WEMIX gaming.
Key claims
Kroma is the first OP Stack rollup with an active fault proof system
Fraud proving with ZK means proofs are only generated when fraud occurs
WEMIX Play wallet has over 9 million unique addresses
Backed by a multi-billion gaming company & rooted in a user base of 9 million, the first hybrid OP-Stack rollup is now live on mainnet! 馃殌
OP Bedrock + ZK Tech = ZK-fraud proofs! 馃く
This will blow up BIG & become the #1 GameFi L2! 馃幃
Mega-ALPHA 馃У (Airdrop confirmed 馃獋)
1/ In this deep dive I will cover:
馃彈 Architecture (2-10)
鈿欙笍 ZK Fraud Proofs (11-15)
馃殌 Transition to zkEVM (16-19)
馃寪 Ecosystem (20-26)
馃挵 Investors & Funding (27-31)
馃搳 Tokenomics (32-37)
馃獋 Airdrop (38-41)
馃懢 Conclusion (41-46)
2/ 馃彈 Architecture
@kroma_network is one of the most advanced OP-Stack (Bedrock) based rollup.
This highly modular framework allows for a high degree of customization at every level of the tech stack.
3/ Kroma is being built with user security as a priority.
Other than other OP chains, @kroma_network has a permissionless state validation (fraud proving) mechanism live on mainnet.
4/ Why does that matter?
If there is no fraud proving mechanism (as is currently the case with any other OP-Stack based rollup), the users have to trust the pr to not post invalid state roots to L1.
5/ @kroma_network is the first OP stack rollup with an active fault proof system!
Kroma also differentiates itself from other optimistic rollups like @Arbitrum that have permissioned fraud proving systems live, by allowing for permissionless challenging.
x.com/l2beat/status/1704133308043673886
6/ @kroma_network plans to be fully permissionless, building out both a decentralized sequencing mechanism, while also allowing for permissionless participation in proof generation in the future.
7/ To bolster security, @kroma_network also features mechanisms to address sequencer or proposer failure, which are live today! 馃憞
8/ 鈿狅笍 Sequencer failure
Users can force transactions to be included in the project鈥檚 chain by sending them to L1. However, there is a 12h delay on this operation.
9/ 鈿狅笍 Proposer failure
There is a permissionless propose mechanism. Anyone can be a Proposer and propose new roots to the L1 bridge.
10/ With DA fully on-chain, @kroma_network does not introduce any additional trust assumptions for users that might arise from using an off-chain DA solution like a DAC.
In case something goes wrong, Kroma's L2 state can be reconstructed from L1.
11/ 鈿欙笍 ZK Fraud Proofs
@kroma_network uses a hybrid ZK-fraud proving mechanism that combines the best of both worlds (optimistic & validity rollups).
a core issue optimistic rollups are facing is to keep fraud proofs small & simple to verify (to enable seamless fraud proving).
12/ ZK rollups on the other hand face the problem that proof are slow & expensive to generate
At least until we have more performant proving hardware.
13/ So, putting the pieces together:
馃憠 Using ZK proofs to prove fraud saves cost compared to ZK rollups, as proofs only have to be produced if fraud is detected.
馃憠 Succinctness property of ZK proofs ensures small fraud proofs that can easily be verified on-chain.
14/ To prove fraud on transaction batches from its EVM-equivalent execution layer, @kroma_network uses a zkEVM based on @Scroll_ZKP.
The underlying Halo2 proof system is one of the most advanced and most efficient ones out there.
15/ Finally, there is Tachyon.
Tachyon is a hardware acceleration solution that significantly reduces the expensive and time-consuming proof generation time, aiming to cut costs by leveraging GPUs.
This will make ZK proofs fast enough to be applicable to various use cases.
16/ 馃殌 Transition to zkEVM
@kroma_network鈥檚 long-term goal is to eventually transition to a ZK Rollup based on the Optimism Bedrock architecture once the generation of ZK proofs becomes more cost-efficient and faster based on Tachyon.
17/ In its transition to a ZK rollup, @kroma_network will continue to use the Scroll-based zkEVM circuits that is used for fraud proving in the hybrid design.
This would make Kroma a type 2 EVM-compatible zkEVM & ensure minimal friction for devs that want to build on Kroma's L2.
18/ Thanks to its modular architecture, the transition to zkEVM will be seamless and simple.
19/ With an ambitious roadmap, a fully EVM-equivalent ZK rollup will be live on mainnet already in 2024!
20/ 馃寪 Ecosystem
Before we dive into @kroma_network's exciting ecosystem, it's important to understand Kroma's background.
Kroma is being developed by Lightscale Inc, which is s subsidiary of WEMADE, a publicly listed Korean gaming company.
21/ Kroma will work closely with the @WemixNetwork ecosystem.
WEMIX is another WEMADE subsidiary.
It aims to accelerate blockchain mass adoption by building an experience-based, platform-driven and service-oriented mega-ecosystem.
22/ Kroma as a programmable execution layer will be the home of applications and bring users, holders, and assets from Ethereum to the @WemixNetwork ecosystem.
23/ Thanks to the large ecosystem of games and users that WEMIX has already built, Kroma gets a significant headstart.
The @WemixNetwork Play wallet has already reached over 9 million unique addresses!
Kroma will have one of the largest communities right out of the gates!
24/ One of the first games that will be onboarded is Night Crows.
The global blockchain version of the smash hit MMORPG, published by WEMADE, is slated to be released early next year!
25/ I'm not sure you understand how big this is.
Since its launch on April 27th, 2023, in South Korea, it has continued to achieve remarkable success, securing the number 1 spot in popularity & revenue on both Google Play and Apple App Store.
26/ Additionally, part of Kroma鈥檚 Ecosystem Fund will be granted to onboarding dApps to encourage joining its ecosystem. 馃
Expect significant incentives! 馃憖
27/ 馃挵 Investors & Funding
As mentioned before, Kroma development is led by Lightscale Inc, a subsidiary of WEMADE.
28/ Established in 2000, WEMADE is an international game developer that has grown from a handful of passionate game pioneers to a multi-national company with over 1'600 employees!
29/ WEMADE is dedicated to serving gamers with a portfolio of entertaining, high-quality PC and Mobile games.
Their Legend of Mir series, launched in the early 2000s, was highly popular in Asia, reaching a user base of over 500 million in China alone!
30/ In 2021, WEMADE launched MIR4, its first crypto-earning massively-multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) through @WemixNetwork.
10 more images on X
What came next 路 since 01 Dec 2023
Since then
Zero has written 1 more piece on the same subject since this one.